Although some states implemented contraception coverage mandates before 2012, these policies tended to be weaker. However, not all studies find that lowering the cost of sex without a condom increased sex‐related health shocks.
See Appendix SC for additional details. However, no survey appropriate for longitudinal analysis or with sufficient sample size contains information on condom use.
The workshop discussion highlighted some recurring themes pertaining to unintended consequences. Risky behavior results in more illness and injury, so people directly lose utility from these health shocks. Future public health policy should take these four life-threatening unintended consequences of COVID-19 lockdowns into account.
This approach reflects a valid difference‐in‐differences estimate and shows the pre‐period variation. Nielsen is not responsible for, had no role in, and was not involved in analyzing and preparing the results reported herein.
Chlamydia, a very common STI, is most often diagnosed in women and is often contracted through heterosexual intercourse (CDC, 2016), so should respond to policies that affect birth control use. State or local regulations require doctors, laboratories, and hospitals to report diagnosed cases of STIs to local health departments, who relay this information to the CDC (CDC, 2015).
These event studies include quarter‐by‐year fixed effects, so the remaining cyclicality is due to seasonal heterogeneous treatment effects.
The data for this study come from several sources and are at the state‐year level. [2], The idea was also discussed by Adam Smith, the Scottish Enlightenment, and consequentialism (judging by results). Finally, in contrast to the many studies on Medicaid expansion and Medicare that focus on low‐income or older populations, I focus on a largely understudied group; the marginal individual in this context is a middle‐class young adult with private insurance or with privately insured parents.
“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.
1919 This is in contrast to Nielsen Consumer Panel Dataset (known as HomeScan), where consumers report purchases to Nielsen. Basic values which may require or prohibit certain actions even if the long-term result might be unfavourable (these long-term consequences may eventually cause changes in basic values).
For more details, see the implementation timeline provided by the U.S. Senate (Senate.gov, 2010).
This finding is important because increased risky behaviors impose negative externalities.